Pronunciation: stēl Function: noun Etymology: Middle English stele, from Old English, stEle; similar to Old High German stahalsteel, perhaps similar to Sanskrit stakati, which he resisted.
Small particles of limestone (flux) and iron ore are difficult to process and transport due to dusting and decomposition. Therefore, powdered materials are usually processed into larger pieces. The characteristics of the raw materials determine the technology used in the plant.
The baked pellets stuck together into pieces about one inch in size. Typically used for iron ore dust collected from blast furnaces.
Small pieces are formed by pressing materials together. Hot Briquetted Iron (HBI) is a concentrated iron ore that can be used in place of scrap metal in electric furnaces.
A change in the properties of certain metals and alloys, such as steel, occurring at ambient or moderately elevated temperatures after heat treatment or cold working operations. Typical properties affected are: hardness, yield strength, tensile strength, ductility, toughness, formability, magnetic properties, etc.
AISI serves as the voice of the US steel industry on public policy and promotes steel as the material of choice in the market. AISI also plays a leading role in the development and application of new steel products and steelmaking technologies. AISI is made up of general steel and electric arc furnace manufacturers, as well as associate members who are suppliers or customers of the steel industry.
Any metallic element added during the smelting of steel or aluminum to improve corrosion resistance, hardness, or strength. The metals most commonly used as alloying elements in stainless steel include chromium, nickel and molybdenum.
Iron-based mixtures are considered alloy steels if the manganese content exceeds 1.65%, silicon exceeds 0.5%, copper exceeds 0.6%, or other minimal alloying elements are present, such as chromium, nickel, molybdenum or tungsten. By substituting these elements in the recipe, many different steel properties can be created.
The steel is deoxidized with aluminium, the aim is to minimize the oxygen content so that during solidification there is no reaction between carbon and oxygen.
Heat treatment or heat treatment process that makes pre-cold rolled coils more suitable for forming and bending. The steel sheet is heated to a predetermined temperature for a sufficient time and then cooled.
During cold rolling of coils, the bonds between metal grains are stretched, which makes the steel brittle and brittle. Annealing allows the formation of new bonds at higher temperatures, thereby “recrystallizing” the grain structure of the steel.
Steel demand is calculated based on steel mill shipments reported by AISI plus imports reported by the Census Bureau minus exports reported by the Census Bureau. Domestic market percentages are based on this figure and do not take into account any changes in inventories.
The carbon content of stainless steel should be lower than that of carbon or low alloy steel (that is, steel with less than 5% alloying elements). While the electric arc furnace (EAF) is the traditional method of melting and refining stainless steel, AAF is an economical addition due to shorter run times and lower temperatures than EAF steelmaking. In addition, the refining of stainless steel using AOD increases the availability of EAF for smelting.
The unrefined molten steel is transferred from the EAF to a separate vessel. A mixture of argon and oxygen is blown into the molten steel from the bottom of the vessel. Along with these gases, detergents are added to the vessel to remove impurities, and oxygen combines with carbon in the unrefined steel to reduce the carbon content. The presence of argon increases the affinity of carbon for oxygen, thereby facilitating the removal of carbon.
Most unionized companies cannot unilaterally reduce hiring levels to cut costs, so management must rely on layoffs to fill vacancies that, in turn, cannot be filled. As the average age of integrated factory workers is likely to exceed 50, the growing number of retirees could give these companies more flexibility to improve their competitiveness.
The largest category of stainless steel, accounting for about 70% of all production. Due to their high nickel and high chromium content, austenitic stainless steels have the strongest corrosion resistance in the stainless steel group. Austenitic stainless steels are hardened and hardened by cold working (by applying stress at low temperatures to change the structure and shape of the steel) rather than by heat treatment. Ductility (the ability to change shape without breaking) is excellent for austenitic stainless steels. Excellent solderability and excellent performance at very low temperatures are additional features of this class.
Applications include cookers, food processing equipment, exterior buildings, chemical industry equipment, truck trailers and kitchen sinks.
The two most common grades are type 304 (the most widely used stainless steel, providing corrosion resistance under many standard conditions) and type 316 (similar to 304, with molybdenum added to improve resistance to various forms of wear).
A device that presses a steel blank into a door or hood of the desired shape, for example, using a powerful stamp (mold). The steel used must be sufficiently ductile (tensile) to be able to be bent without breaking.
Using hydraulic rolling force systems, steelmakers can accurately control the size (thickness) of steel sheets as they pass through cold rolling mills at speeds in excess of 50 miles per hour. Using a feedback or feed-forward system, a computer gap sensor adjusts the distance between the rolls of the rolling mill calender at a rate of 50-60 times per second. These adjustments prevent out-of-spec inserts from being machined.
An air pollution control device used to trap particles by filtering the air stream through a large cloth or fiberglass bag.
Cold rolled mild steel sheet for car body panels. Thanks to a special treatment, the steel has good penetration and strength properties, and has an increased resistance to dents after firing.
A pear-shaped furnace lined with refractory bricks is used to process molten iron and scrap iron from blast furnaces into steel. Up to 30% of the raw material fed into the converter can be scrap, with the rest being molten iron.
Converter furnaces, which can refine a melt (batch) of steel in less than 45 minutes, replaced open hearth furnaces in the 1950s, the latter requiring five to six hours to process the metal. The faster operation, lower cost, and ease of operation of the BOF give it clear advantages over previous methods.
Scrap is poured into the furnace, followed by molten iron from the blast furnace. A lance is lowered from above, through which a stream of oxygen is blown under high pressure, causing a chemical reaction that separates the impurities into smoke or slag. After refining, the molten steel and slag are drained into separate containers.
Rolled long products from blanks. Commercial rebar and rebar (rebar) are two common categories of rebar where commercial rebar includes round, flat, angle, square and channel bars and is used by manufacturers to make a variety of products such as furniture, stair railings and agricultural equipment. used to reinforce concrete in roads, bridges and buildings.
Steel semi-finished formwork for “long” products: bars, channels or other constructive forms. Billets differ from slabs in their external dimensions; billets are typically 2 to 7 inches square, and slabs are 30 to 80 inches wide and 2 to 10 inches thick. Both molds are usually cast continuously, but their chemistry can vary greatly.
Cold rolled steel sheet from 12″ to 32″ wide used as base material (raw material) for tinning plants.
A towering cylinder lined with refractory (refractory) bricks used by steel mills to smelt iron from iron ore. It takes its name from the “shock waves” of hot air and gases that are forced through the iron ore, coke and limestone loaded into the kiln.
First steps to prepare flat strip for end users. A blank is a sheet of material that has the same external dimensions as a given part, such as a door or hood, but has not yet been stamped. Steel manufacturers can provide their customers with a blank to reduce labor and transportation costs; excess steel can be trimmed before shipping.
Steel semi-finished formwork of rectangular section over 8 inches. This large cast steel section is broken in a rolling mill to produce the familiar H-beams, H-beams and sheet piles. Blooms are also part of the high quality bar production process: reducing the bloom cross section improves the quality of the metal.
An accident caused by the uncontrolled flow of molten iron or slag (or both) from a blast furnace due to failure of the blast furnace wall.
“Old field” is contrasted with “green field” (or completely new objects). Extending live objects means adding to existing objects.
Very fine ridges on strip edges resulting from cutting operations such as slitting, trimming, shearing or blanking. For example, when a steelmaker cuts the sides of a sheet parallel or cuts it into strips, its edges will bend in the direction of the cut (see Edge-rolling).
Scrap consisting of clips and stampings in metallurgical production. The term comes from the practice of collecting materials in bushel baskets during World War II.
A standard pipe used in a pipeline. The heated carcass continuously passes through the welding rollers, forming a tube and pressing the hot edges against each other, forming a strong weld.
Radian is the deviation from straightness of the edge. The maximum allowable tolerance for this side deviation from a straight line is defined in the ASTM standard.
The normal ability to produce metal in a given time period. This rating should include maintenance requirements, but because such services are scheduled based on machine needs (rather than calendar needs), a plant can run at over 100% capacity for a month and then drop significantly lower. in connection with the repair Installed capacity is being realized.
The theoretical capacity of a mill or smelter, subject to feedstock supply restrictions and normal operating speed.
Well-used volumes allow for equipment maintenance and reflect current material constraints. (Bottlenecks in supply and distribution change over time as capacity increases or decreases.)
A steel that consists primarily of elemental carbon and whose structure depends on the carbon content. Most of the steel produced in the world is carbon steel.
The casing string, which is the structural anchor of the walls of oil and gas wells, accounted for 75% of the shipment of oil country tubular goods (by weight). The casing pipe is used to prevent contamination of the surrounding groundwater and the well itself. The casing is retained throughout the life of the well and is usually not removed when the well is shut in.
The process of pouring molten metal into a mold so that the cooled solid metal retains the shape of the mold.
The process of directly casting molten steel to its final shape and thickness without additional hot or cold rolling. This reduces investment, energy and environmental costs.
The act of loading materials into containers. For example, iron ore, coke and limestone are loaded into blast furnaces, and scrap and molten iron are loaded into oxygen furnaces.
The chemical composition of steel, expressing the content of carbon, manganese, sulfur, phosphorus and many other elements.
An alloying element, which is an important raw material for stainless steel, imparting corrosion resistance. If stainless steel is damaged mechanically or chemically, in the presence of oxygen, the film that naturally forms on the surface of stainless steel is repaired, preventing corrosion.
A method of applying a stainless steel coating to carbon or low alloy steel (that is, steel containing less than 5% alloying elements).
1) stainless steel welding with carbon steel; 2) pouring molten stainless steel around a solid carbon blank in a mould; or 3) placing a carbon steel plate between two stainless steel plates and rolling them at high temperatures in a rolling mill. Glue them together. .
The process of coating steel with another material (tin, chromium and zinc), mainly for corrosion protection.
Post time: Jan-11-2023